Structural equation modelling jointly estimates measurement relationships and structural paths among observed and latent variables. A credible model requires theory, identification, measurement quality and transparent fit assessment.
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Structural equation modelling and causal pathways
Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures.
Methods family
Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures.
Use methods only after defining the estimand, data structure, assumptions, validation plan and decision consequence.
Covariance-based SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Read the full entry →Partial least-squares SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Read the full entry →Path analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Read the full entry →Measurement models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Read the full entry →Structural models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Read the full entry →Confirmatory factor analysis tests a pre-specified measurement structure linking observed indicators to latent factors. Fit, reliability, validity and alternative models should be considered together.
Read the full entry →Latent-variable modelling is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Read the full entry →Mediation analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Multiple mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Serial mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Parallel mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Moderation analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Moderated mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Mediated moderation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Multi-group SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Longitudinal SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Cross-lagged panel models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Latent-growth modelling is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Growth-curve SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Latent-state trait models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Higher-order constructs is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Formative versus reflective constructs is a decision comparison between Formative and reflective constructs. The useful question is not which is universally better, but which approach fits the objective, evidence, population, timing and consequence of error.
Measurement invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Configural invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Metric invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Scalar invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Residual invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Model identification is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Model fit indices is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Chi-square model fit is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
CFI is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
TLI is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
RMSEA is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
SRMR is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Modification indices is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Bootstrapping indirect effects is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Common-method variance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Harman’s single-factor test is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Marker-variable techniques is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Browse linked method entries
Structural equation modelling
Structural equation modelling jointly estimates measurement relationships and structural paths among observed and latent variables. A credible model requires theory, identification, measurement quality and transparent fit assessment.
Open methodCovariance-based SEM
Covariance-based SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodPartial least-squares SEM
Partial least-squares SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodPath analysis
Path analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodMeasurement models
Measurement models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodStructural models
Structural models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodConfirmatory factor analysis
Confirmatory factor analysis tests a pre-specified measurement structure linking observed indicators to latent factors. Fit, reliability, validity and alternative models should be considered together.
Open methodLatent-variable modelling
Latent-variable modelling is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodMediation analysis
Mediation analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodMultiple mediation
Multiple mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodSerial mediation
Serial mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodParallel mediation
Parallel mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodModeration analysis
Moderation analysis is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodModerated mediation
Moderated mediation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodMediated moderation
Mediated moderation is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodMulti-group SEM
Multi-group SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodLongitudinal SEM
Longitudinal SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodCross-lagged panel models
Cross-lagged panel models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodLatent-growth modelling
Latent-growth modelling is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodGrowth-curve SEM
Growth-curve SEM is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodLatent-state trait models
Latent-state trait models is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodHigher-order constructs
Higher-order constructs is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodFormative versus reflective constructs
Formative versus reflective constructs is a decision comparison between Formative and reflective constructs. The useful question is not which is universally better, but which approach fits the objective, evidence, population, timing and consequence of error.
Open methodMeasurement invariance
Measurement invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodConfigural invariance
Configural invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodMetric invariance
Metric invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodScalar invariance
Scalar invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodResidual invariance
Residual invariance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodModel identification
Model identification is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodModel fit indices
Model fit indices is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodChi-square model fit
Chi-square model fit is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodCFI
CFI is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodTLI
TLI is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodRMSEA
RMSEA is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodSRMR
SRMR is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodModification indices
Modification indices is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodBootstrapping indirect effects
Bootstrapping indirect effects is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodCommon-method variance
Common-method variance is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
Open methodHarman’s single-factor test
Harman’s single-factor test is a method within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. Latent-variable and path models used to test measurement quality, direct effects, indirect effects and theoretical structures. Its usefulness depends on data structure, assumptions, validation and whether the output answers the intended decision.
Open methodMarker-variable techniques
Marker-variable techniques is a statistical or analytical concept within structural equation modelling and causal pathways. It should be selected for the data-generating process and decision question rather than because software makes it available.
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